I skyrius. DIRVOTYRA IR AGROCHEMIJA

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 3-12

UDK 633.11<324>:[631.83+631.85]:581.1

KALIO IR FOSFORO TRÀÐØ ÁTAKA ÞIEMINIØ KVIEÈIØ LAUKO DAIGUMUI, KRÛMIJIMUISI IR ÞIEMOJIMUI

Vytautas LIAKAS, Vytautas RAUCK

IS, Virgilijus PALTANAVIÈIUS

Lietuvos þemës ûkio universitetas

Akademija, 4324 Kauno rajonas

El. paðtas:

au@nora.lzua.lt

Santrauka

1997-2000 metais LÞÛU bandymø stotyje daryti lauko bandymai, kuriuose buvo tiriama kalio ir fosforo tràðø skirtingø normø átaka þieminiø kvieèiø lauko daigumui, krûmijimuisi ir þiemojimui, auginant juos dviejuose fonuose: sëklø nebeicuojant ir jas beicuojant maxim 025 FS. Buvo nustatyta, kad fosforo ir kalio tràðø normø didinimas ið esmës

didino þieminiø kvieèiø krûmijimosi intensyvumà. Patræðus daugiausia didëjo antros krûmijimosi eilës susiformavusiø ûgliø kiekis. Sëklø beicavimas turëjo didesnæ teigiamà átakà þieminiø kvieèiø atsparumo neigiamiems þiemojimo veiksniams maþinti nei fosforo ir kalio tràðø normø didinimas. Pagrindiniai þieminiø kvieèiø ûgliai geriau þiemoja nei ðalutiniai, o ið jø geriau þiemoja pirmos eilës krûmijimosi procese susiformavæ ûgliai. Sëklø beicavimas þieminiø kvieèiø grûdø derliø padidino 0,68-0,78 t/ha, o didesnës PK tràðø normos – 0,34-0,74 t/ha.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: þieminiai kvieèiai, krûmijimosi procesas, þiemojimas, PK tràðos.

Chapter 1. SOIL SCIENCE AND AGROCHEMISTRY

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 3-12

UDK 633.11<324>:[631.83+631.85]:581.1

INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASH FERTILIZERS ON GERMINATION, TILLERING AND OVERWINTERING OF WINTER WHEAT

V. Liakas, V. Rauckis, V. Paltanavièius

Summary

During 1997-2000 a series of field-site experiments were carried out at the experimental station of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. The aim of research was to determine how various rates of phosphorus and potash fertilizers influence the processes of germination, tillering out and wintering of the field sown with winter wheat of two types: without seed treatment, and with Maxim® 025 FS (a. i. fludioxonil 25 g/I) treatment. In the course of the research it was revealed that the increase of phosphorus and potash fertilizer rates significantly favawed the intensive tillering out of winter wheat. As a result of fertilizer application the number of spouts of the secondary tillering out stage increased most of all. As compared to the increase of fertilizer rates, seed treatment positively influenced resistance level of winter wheat to negative factors of wintering. Basic sprouts of wheat are less susceptible to winter weather conditions than the secondary sprouts. Seed treatment increased winter wheat grain yield by 0.68-0.78 t/ha, higher rates of PK fertilizers increased winter wheat grain yield by 0.34-0.74 t/ha.

Key words: winter wheat, tillering out process, wintering, PK-fertilizers.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 13-24

UDK 631.416:631415:631.582

DIRVOÞEMIO RÛGÐTËJIMO ÁTAKA CHEMINIØ ELEMENTØ KIEKIUI IR SËJOMAINOS AUGALØ PRODUKTYVUMUI

Rima VEITIENË

Lietuvos Þemdirbystës instituto Vëþaièiø filialas

Vëþaièiai, Klaipëdos rajonas

El. paðtas:

filialas@gargzdai.omnitel.net

Santrauka

Þemës ûkio intensyvinimas nualina dirvoþemá mikroelementø atþvilgiu, nes su makrotràðomis pastarieji á dirvoþemá nepatenka. Menkai naudojamos organinës tràðos taip pat nepapildo mikroelementø atsargø dirvoþemyje. Dirvoþemá kalkinant, daugelis mikroelementø tampa augalø

nepasisavinami. Dël kalkinimo kinta ir makroelementø kiekis. Tai gali turëti átakos ne tik derlingumui, bet ir mikroelementø efektyvumui. Dël mikroelementø trûkumo dirvoþemyje gaunamas maþesnis ir prastesnës kokybës þemës ûkio augalø derlius.

Reikliausi boro trûkumui

- dviskilèiai augalai. Boro tràðø efektyvumas priklauso nuo daugelio veiksniø, ypaè nuo dirvoþemio rûgðtumo. Boro kiekis dirvoþemyje priklauso nuo dirvoþemio granuliometrinës sudëties, mineraliniø tràðø, patenkanèiø á dirvà, kiekio. Molibdenas, atvirkðèiai negu kiti mikroelementai, judresnis neutralios reakcijos dirvoþemyje, o vario kiekis labiau priklauso nuo granuliometrinës sudëties, organinës medþiagos, sorbuotø baziø kiekio. Taèiau ðis elementas maþiau jautrus ávairiems aplinkos veiksniams ir jo kiekis kinta neţymiai. Tuo tarpu cinkas - chemiðkai aktyvus elementas. Jo kiekis labai priklauso nuo kalkinimo bei nuo ávairiø kitø dirvoþemio reakcijà keièianèiø priemoniø, t.y. kalkinimo, organinio be mineralinio træðimo.

Tyrimai rodo, kad dirvoþemiui rûgðtëjant, jame vyksta negráþtami cheminiai procesai, maþinantys dirvoþemio derlingumà. Dirvoþemiui parûgðtëjus nuo pH

KCl 5,4 iki 4,4, sëjomainos augalø produktyvumas sumaþëjo nuo 70,5 iki 62,96 J/ha.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: mikroelementai, dirvoþemio reakcija, së

jomaina.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 13-24

UDK 631.416:631415:631.582

IMPACT OF SOIL ACIDIFICATION ON THE CONTENT OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF the CROP ROTATION

R. Veitienë

Summary

Tests were carried out to determine the efficacy of boron, zinc, copper and molybdenum in the crop rotation in the sod podzolic soils of Vezaiciai between 1989-1998. Microelements were injected into the soil and sprayed on the plants every year, and at the beginning of the crop rotation. Winter wheat, fodder beets, barley and perennial grasses were cultivated. The soil contained a moderate amount of boron, but was poor in copper, zinc and molybdenum.

It was established that after 9 years of liming the soil acidity changed from 5.4 to 4.4 pH. In this case the fertility of second crop rotation declined by 8.7 %. The main reason of the yield reduction in these soils was low efficacy of macro and microfertilizers, as well as a more abundant leaching process of nutrients into the subsoil.

Key words: microelements, soil reaction, crop rotation.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 25-36

UDK 631.442.1:631.415.2:631.821.1

ILGALAIKIS KALKINIMO POVEIKIS VELËNINIAMS JAURINIAMS LABAI RÛGÐTIEMS PRIESMËLIO DIRVOÞEMIAMS RYTØ LIETUVOJE

Saulius MARCINKONIS, Liudmila TRIPOLSKAJA

Lietuvos þemdirbystës instituto Vokës filialas

Trakø Vokë 5004, Vilnius

El. paðtas:

smarcinkonis@takas.lt

Santrauka

Straipsnyje apibendrinti 1996-1998 metais LÞI Vokës filiale atlikti ilgalaikiø kalkinimo bandymø duomenys. Ávertinti kalkinto velëninio jaurinio menkai pajaurëjusio (paprasto giliai pasotinto bazëmis rudþemio) dirvoþemio ilgalaikiai agrocheminiai pasikeitimai (praëjus 23-24 metams po pirminio kalkinimo). Nustatyta kalkinimo átaka derliui labai rûgðèiame priesmëlio dirvoþ

emyje. Tyrimø pagrindu ávertinta genetiniø dirvoþemio savybiø átaka reakcijos pokyèiams kalkinto dirvoþemio profilyje, taip pat iðaiðkinti ðiø kitimø dësningumai ir apibrëþti galimi rûgðtumo parametrø reguliavimo intervalai priklausomai nuo dirvoþemio genezës.

Nustatyta, kad velëninio jaurinio labai rûgðtaus dirvoþemio kalkinimas viena dulkiø klintmilèiø norma pagal hidroliziná rûgðtumà veikia daugiau nei 24 metus. Toks kalkinimas veikia ne vien ariamàjá, bet ir poarmeniná, iki 60 cm esantá sluoksná, maþindamas mainø rûgðtumà, judriojo Al koncentracijà, didindamas sorbuotø baziø sumà. Automorfiniame dirvoþemyje, susiformavusiame ant fliuvioglacialiniø uolienø, kur karbonatingojo horizonto pradþia sutampa su þvyringo sluoksnio pradþia (karbonatams slûgsant a

pie 0,8-1,0 m gylyje) ðio horizonto poveikyje, 60-100 cm sluoksnyje sumaþëja mainø rûgðtumas ir judriojo Al kiekis.

Labai rûgðtaus dirvoþemio kalkinimas 1,0 dulkiø klintmilèiø norma kas 10 metø sumaþino dirvoþemio rûgðtumà iki daugeliui sëjomainos augalø palankios maþo rûgðtumo reakcijos. Augalø produktyvumà labiausiai átakojo judriojo fosforo kiekis dirvoþemyje.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: dirvoþemis, kalkinimas, dirvoþemio rûgðtumas, agrocheminës savybës.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 25-36

UDK 631.442.1:631.415.2:631.821.1

LONG-TERM EFFECT OF LIMING ON SOD – PODZOLIC, VERY ACID SANDY LOAM SOILS IN EAST LITHUANIA

S. Marcinkonis, L. Tripolskaja

Summary

The summary of fundamental and conceptual research in East Lithuania during 1972-1991 demonstrated a long - term influence of dust limestone on soil chemical properties. The influence of this lime material on soil properties persisted for more than 20 years. Therefore the currently available recommendation may not be adequate for estimating liming efficiency and soil acidification processes. Climatic and soil formation peculiarities significantly influence liming efficiency, duration of its effect and therefore demand detailed long-term investigations in a specific agroclimatic zone.

Experiments were carried out over the period 1996-1998 at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture’s Vok

ë Branch in 2 sites. The trials were performed on automorphic slightly podzolized soddy-podzolic fliuvioglacial loamy sand. The FAO classification describes the above mentioned soil type as hapli-dystric cambisol.

The influence of primary liming with 1.0 rate of dust limestone on hydrolytic acidity persisted for more than 24 years after liming on strongly acid soil. During the 24-year period the influence of primary or periodical liming (with 1.0-3.5 rates) covered the soil profile up to 60 cm depth. Exchange acidity, mobile aluminium decreased, and the amount of exchange bases increased in these layers. Having applied 2 rates of dust limestone within 15 years, the soil remained low acid (pH 5.15-5.48) even after 10 years from the last liming. Having applied 3.5 rates the soil became very slightly acid, and did not change during the period of investigations. A higher mobility of potassium and phosphorus was determined in this treatment.

Effect of liming also covered subsoil. The findings of this experiment confirm that the changes of soil chemical properties in EB and B horizons were the result of long – term intensive liming. Even the effect of 1 rate of dust limestone was noticeable on the whole soil profile properties during 24 years. Liming neutralised acidity in genetically acid EB horizon at 20-40 cm depth. The most intensive reduction of soil acidity under the application of 1-2 rates occurred to 40-60 cm layers. Periodical previous liming with 1.0-3.5 rates decreased exchange acidity up to 3 mg/kg in the whole profile.

The influence of previous liming with 1.0 rate of dust limestone after 24-26 years increased the yield of perennial grasses, spring barley and wheat on strongly acid soil. No significant yield differences were found between the plots limed with more than 1.0 rate. Variation of yield depended on phosphorus nutrition.

Key words: soil, liming, acidity, soil chemical properties.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 37-52

UDK 633.1:631.51:631.8:631.44:551.435.446

FOSFORO

BALANSAS TAIKANT SKIRTINGAS ÞEMËS DIRBIMO-TRÆÐIMO SISTEMAS KALVOTOSE VAKARØ LIETUVOS DIRVOSE

Dalia FEIZIENË

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas:

virgis@lzi.lt

Santrauka

1995-1998 m. Lietuvos þemdirbystës instituto Kaltinënø bandymø stotyje, trijose skirtingose kalvos dalyse, buvo tirtos 4 pagrindinio-prieðsëjinio þemës dirbimo sistemos ir træðimas mineraliniø NPK tràðø normomis, nustatytomis atsiþvelgiant á dirvoþemio ma

isto medþiagø kieká ir planuojamà derliø. Vandens ir mechaninei erozijai jautriose dirvose trejus metus ið eilës auginant varpinius javus, nustatyta, kad, didëjant javø grûdø ir ðiaudø derlingumui, didëjo á derliø patenkantis fosforo kiekis, taèiau jo koncentracija visø javø grûduose ir vasariniø mieþiø ðiauduose turëjo tendencijà maþëti, o þieminiø kvieèiø ir aviþø ðiauduose kito nedësningai. Fosforo (P2O5) pasisavinimas ið dirvoþemio skirtingose þemës dirbimo sistemose ið esmës nesiskyrë. Já lëmë tik reljefas, meteorologinës sàlygos ir auginamø augalø biologinës savybës. Tràðø fosforà (P2O5) sëjomainos grandies augalai geriausiai pasisavino taikant netradicines, dirvosaugines þemës dirbimo sistemas, t.y. tas sistemas, kuriose dirvoþemis nebuvo giliai mechaniðkai maiðomas. Sëjomainos rotacijos fosforo (P2O5) balansas buvo teigiamas visose kalvos dalyse ir taikant visas þemës dirbimo sistemas bei træðimà mineraliniø tràðø vidutinëmis arba padidintomis normomis. Sëjomainos rotacijos fosforo (P2O5) balanso intensyvumas kito priklausomai nuo træðimo lygio, þemës dirbimo intensyvumo ir sëjomainos rotacijos produktyvumo, taèiau jis atskleidë tendencijà – visose kalvos dalyse ir visose þemës dirbimo sistemose træðiant mineraliniø NPK tràðø padidintomis normomis, didesnë maisto medþiagø dalis tekdavo ne augalui, o dirvoþemiui. Vandens ir mechaninei erozijai jautriose kalvotose dirvose trejus metus ið eilës auginant varpinius javus, galima taikyti dirvosaugines þemës dirbimo sistemas – mineraliniø tràðø veikimas jose prilygsta tràðø veikimui tradicinëje þemës dirbimo sistemoje.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: træðimas, fosforas, þemës dirbimas, reljefas, javai.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 37-52

UDK 633.1:631.51:631.8:631.44:551.435.446

BALANCE OF PHOSPHORUS WHEN APPLYING DIFFERENT SOIL TILLAGE-FERTILISATION SYSTEMS ON HILLY RELIEF IN WESTERN LITHUANIA

D. Feizienë

Summary

Four primary and presowing soil tillage systems in combination with different rates of mineral NPK fertilisers were investigate

d on three landscape positions at the Kaltinënai Research Station of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture during 1995-1998. The rates of mineral NPK fertilisers were calculated according to the nutrient status of the soil and the yield level of a crop planned. The main conclusions when growing cereals in three successive years on the soil sensitive to water and tillage erosion were drawn up as follows: by increasing the yield of grain and straw production of the cereals, the offtake of phosphorus also increased. P concentration in the grain production of all cereals and in the straw production of s. barley had a tendency to decline, while in the straw production of w. wheat and oats it did not alter regularly. Different soil tillage systems had no influence on utilisation of phosphorus (P2O5) from the soil. This was much more affected by relief, climatic conditions and biological features of the crop grown. Non-traditional soil tillage systems, i.e. which do not include deep mechanical soil mixing (factor A, treatments II, III and IV), had a greater influence on the crop ability to better utilise phosphorus (P2O5) from the fertilisers. P-balance of the whole crop rotation was positive at all landscape positions and in all tillage and fertilisation systems as well. The intensity of P-balance was in line with the fertilisation level, soil tillage intensity and productivity of crop rotation. It was revealed that by applying high rates of mineral fertilisers the greater part of fertilisers was used for soil but not for plant fertilisation. This was true at all landscape positions and soil tillage treatments. By growing cereals in three successive years on the soil sensitive to water and tillage erosion it is possible to implement soil conservation tillage systems (II or IV). The action of mineral fertilisers is similar to that of the traditional one.

Key words: fertilisation, phosphorus, soil tillage, relief, cereals.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 53-

69

UDK 631.821.1

DRENAÞO VANDENS NUOTËKIS, CHEMINIØ ELEMENTØ MIGRACIJA IR BALANSAS BIOLOGINËS IR INTENSYVIOS ÞEMDIRBYSTËS SÀLYGOMIS VAKARØ LIETUVOS DIRVOÞEMIUOSE

Saulius GUÞYS

Lietuvos þemdirbystës instituto Vëþaièiø filialas

Vëþaièiai, Klaipëdos rajonas

El. paðtas:

filialas@gargzdai.omnitel.net

Santrauka

Straipsnyje pateikti 1995-1998 m. LÞI Vëþaièiø filiale kalkintuose J

v2 ir JvP1 bei nerûgðèiame VG1j priemolio ant smëlingo priemolio ar smëlingo priemolio ant priemolio dirvoþemiuose atliktø biologinës ir intensyvios þemdirbystës átakos drenaþo vandens nuotëkiui, elementø ir junginiø migracijai bei balansui tyrimø duomenys.

Þemdirbystës intensyvumas neturi átakos Ca

2+, Mg2+, K+, PO33-, HCO3-, SO42-, Cu, Mn koncentracijai drenaþo ir Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl- koncentracijai gruntiniame vandenyje. Ca2+, HCO3-, SO42- koncentracija drenaþo, o Ca2+, K+, HCO3- koncentracija gruntiniame vandenyje priklauso nuo dirvoþemio geocheminio fono ir didëja eilëje Jv2 à JvP1 à VG1j. Intensyvios þemdirbystës taikymas padidina Cl- ir NO3- koncentracijà drenaþo ir B, Zn, Cu ir Mn koncentracijà gruntiniame vandenyje. Drenaþo vandens nuotëkis ir elementø bei junginiø migracija priklauso nuo krituliø kiekio ir þemdirbystës intensyvumo. Taikant intensyvià þemdirbystæ, iðplaunami maþesni Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, ir B, Zn, Cu ir Mn kiekiai. Biologinës þemdirbystës sàlygomis N ir P balansas buvo neigiamas, o intensyvios – teigiamas. K balansas visais atvejais gautas neigiamas.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: biologinë þemdirbystë, intensyvi þemdirbystë, drenaþo vanduo, gruntinis vanduo, vandens kokybë, iðplovimas, balansas.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 53-69

UDK 631.821.1

THE RUNOFF OF DRAINAGE WATER, MIGRATION AND BALANCE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF BIOLOGICAL AND INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE SOILS OF WESTERN LITHUANIA

S. Guþys

Summary

This paper presents the summarized results of biological and intensive cropping systems and their influence on runoff of drainage water, migration and balance of elements and matters in the limed moderately podzolized sod podzolic (Jv2), gleyic sod podzolic (JvP1) and non acid podzolized sod-gleyic (VG1I) sandy loam or loam soils. Investigations were carried out during 1995-1998 period. Cropping intensity had no influence on Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, PO33-, HCO3-, SO42-, Cu, Mn concentration on drainage and Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl- on ground water. Concentration of Ca2+, HCO3-, SO42- on drainage and Ca2+, K+, HCO3- on ground water depended on the geochemical soil media and increased in such sequence – Jv2 à JvP1 à VG1j. Application of intensive cropping system increased Cl- and NO3- concentration in drainage as well as B, Zn, Cu, Mn concentration in ground water. Runoff of drainage water and migration of elements and matters depended on the amount of precipitation and cropping intensity. In the conditions of intensive cropping system lower amounts of Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, and B, Zn, Cu, Mn leached. In the conditions of biological cropping system balance of nitrogen and phosphorus was negative, and that in the conditions of intensive cropping system positive. Balance of potassium in both cropping systems was negative.

Key words: biological cropping system, intensive cropping system, runoff, drainage water, ground water, water quality, balance.

 

II skyrius. ÞEMDIRBYSTË IR AUGALININKYSTË

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 70-

88

UDK 633.112.9:631.531.04

ÞIEMINIØ KVIETRUGIØ SËJOS LAIKAS IR SËKLOS NORMOS SKIRTINGOS GRANULIOMETRINËS SUDËTIES DIRVOSE

Vaclovas PETRAITIS

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas:

virgis@lzilt

Santrauka

Pateikiami 1992-1995 m. Lietuvos þemdirbystës instituto (Dotnuvoje, Vëþaièiuose, Joniðkëlyje, Vokëje) þieminiø kvietrugiø (toliau kvietrugiø) sëjos laiko ir sëklos normø apibendrinti tyrimø, atliktø skirtingos granuliometrinës sudëties dirvoþemiuose, rezultatai. Siekta iðaiðkinti kvietrugiø derliaus, jo struktûros elementø, kokybës formavimosi ypatumus. Kvietrugiai sëti ru

gpjûèio 25, rugsëjo 5, 15 ir 25 dienomis, sëjant 3,5, 4,5, 5,5 ir 6,5 mln/ha daigiø sëklø. Nustatyta, kad kvietrugiai rudená buvo tankesni sëjant didesnes sëklos normas optimaliu laiku. Jie buvo retesni sunkiame priemolyje. Geriau kvietrugiai krûmijosi pasëti tarp rugpjûèio 25 ir rugsëjo 5 d. Suvëlinus jø sëjà 20-30 dienø, sunkiame priemolyje jie visai nesikrûmijo, o lengvame ir vidutinio sunkumo priemolyje bei priesmëlyje krûmijimasis sumaþëjo 3-4 kartus. Kvietrugiai suformavo daugiau produktyviø stiebø sëjant didesnes sëklos normas ir anksèiau; nuo didesniø sëklos normø maþëjo grûdø varpose. 1000 grûdø masë maþëjo suvëlinus sëjà ir padidinus sëklos normas, ji buvo 17-25 % maþesnë priesmëlyje, negu auginant priemolyje. Tinkamiausias kvietrugiø sëjos laikas (jei dirva ne per drëgna) lengvame Vidurio Lietuvos priemolyje rugsëjo 5 d., lengvame ir vidutinio sunkumo Vakarø Lietuvos pakalkintame priemolyje ir sunkiame Ðiaurës Lietuvos priemolyje – rugpjûèio 25 d., sëjant 3,5-4,5 mln/ha, o Pietryèiø Lietuvos priesmëlyje – rugpjûèio 25 ir rugsëjo 5 d., sëjant 4,5-5,5 mln/ha daigiø sëklø. Suvëlinus jø sëjà 10-20 dienø priemolyje ir sëjant nuo 3,5 iki 6,5 mln/ha daigiø sëklø, grûdø derlius sumaþëjo nuo 5,1 iki 32,2 % (daugiausia sunkiame priemolyje), palyginus su 3,5 mln/ha sëklos norma, o priesmëlyje derliaus skirtumai buvo maþesni (3,7-11,4 % ), palyginus su 4,5-5,5 mln/ha, sëjant tinkamiausiu laiku.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: þieminiai kvietrugiai, sëjos laikas, sëklos normos, krûmijimasis, produktyvûs stiebai, grûdø derliu

s.

Chapter 2. AGRICULTURE AND CROP PRODUCTION

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 70-88

UDK 633.112.9:631.531.04

SOWING TIME AND SEED RATE OF WINTER TRITICALE IN THE SOILS OF DIFFERENT TEXTURE

V. Petraitis

Summary

In this paper w

e present summarised results of the experiments carried out in 1992-1995 at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (in Dotnuva, Vëþaièiai, Joniðkëlis and Vokë) whose objective was to ascertain the effect of winter triticale sowing time and seed rate on its growth, development, yield and its quality in the soils of different texture. Triticale was sown on August 25, September 05; 15 and 25 at seed rates of 3.5; 4.5; 5.5 and 6.5 million seed per ha. It was determined that the triticale crop was denser in the autumn when higher rates had been sown at the optimum time. The stand was thinner on heavy loam. Triticale demonstrated a better tillering capacity sown on 25 08 and 05 09. When sowing had been delayed by 20-30 days triticale did not tiller at all, and on light and medium heavy loam and sandy loam the tillering capacity declined 3-4 times. Triticale formed more productive stems when sown at higher seed rates earlier; higher seed rates declined the number of grains in ears. 1000-grain weight declined at delayed sowing and increased seed rates; it was 17-25 % lower in sandy soil than that in loamy soil. The most suitable triticale sowing time (if soil moisture permits) on light Central Lithuania’s loam is 05 09, on light and medium heavy West Lithuania’s limed loam and on heavy North Lithuania’s loam 25 08, at a seed rate of 3.5-4.5 million seed per ha, and in South Lithuania’s sandy loam 25 08 and 05 09, at a rate of 4.5-5.5 million seed per ha. A 10-20 day delay in sowing in loam soil at a seed rate from 3.5 to 6.5 million of seed per ha resulted in a grain yield reduction from 5.1 to 32.2 % (the highest reduction in heavy loam), as compared with the rate 3.5 million seed per ha, and in sandy loam yield differences were lower (3.7-11.4 % ), as compared with a rate of 4.5-5.5 million seed per ha sown at the optimum time.

Key words: winter triticale, sowing time, seed rates, tillering, productive stems, grain yield.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 7

4, 89-104

UDK 633.11«321»:631.531.04

VASARI

NIØ KVIEÈIØ SËJOS LAIKAS IR SËKLOS NORMOS LENGVAME PRIEMOLYJE

Vaclovas PETRAITIS

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas: virgis@lzi.lt

Santrauka

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institute Dotnuvoje 1996-1998 metais velëniniame glëjiðkame pajaurëjusiame lengvame priemolyje tirta vasariniø kvieèiø ‘Henika’, ‘Nandu’ ir ‘Munk’ veisliø sëjos laiko ir sëklos normos átaka derliui ir jo kokybei. Tyrinëta ankstyva sëja, sëja po 5 ir 10 dienø, sëjant 4,5, 5,5 ir 6,5 mln/ha dai

giø sëklø. Armenyje P2O5 – 130-250, K2O – 150-274 mg/kg sauso dirvoþemio, pH – 6,1-7,4, humuso – 1,54-2,77 % .

Tyrimai rodo, kad sëjant anksti gautas didesnis vasarinø kvieèiø grûdø derlius, nei sëjà suvëlinus 5 ir 10 dienø. Kvieèius ‘Henika’ pasëjus 5 d. vëliau, sëjant 4,5 mln/ha daigiø sëklø, palyginus su sëtais anksti, jø grûdø derlius sumaþëjo 13,6 % ; sëjant 5,5 mln/ha – 7,0 % ir sëjant 6,5 mln/ha – 9,7 %

, o po 10 d. – atitinkamai 15,6 % ir treèiu terminu – 19,2 % . ‘Munk’ ir ‘Nandu’ veisliø kvieèiø grûdø derlius ið esmës sumaþëjo sëjà vëlinant 10 d. nuo sëjos pradþios. Tinkamiausia sëklos norma – 5,5 mln/ha daigiø sëklø. Ðiaudø derlius, vëlinant sëjà, didëjo. Tankesni vasariniai kvieèiai uþaugo sëjant didesnes sëklos normas, piktþolëtesni buvo vëlinant sëjà. Suvëlinus jø sëjà, piktþoliø orasausë masë didëjo, o sëjant didesnes sëklos normas, maþëjo. ‘Henika’ veislës kvieèiai geriau stelbë piktþoles negu ‘Munk’ ir ‘Nandu’ kvieèiai. Produktyviø stiebø vystymuisi sëjos laiko reikðmë neþymi, o sëjant didesnes sëklos normas jø nustatyta daugiau. 1000 grûdø masë, vëlinant sëjà, maþëjo, o ðlapiojo glitimo ir azoto kiekis grûdø miltuose didëjo.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: vasariniai kvieèiai, sëjos laikas, sëklos normos, piktþolëtumas.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 89-104

UDK 633.11«321»:631.531.04

SOWING TIME AND SEEDING RATE OF SPRING WHEAT ON LIGHT LOAM

V. Petraitis

Summary

Sowing time and seeding rate of the spring wheat varieties ‘Munk’, ‘Nandu’ and ‘Henika’ on grain yield and its quality were investigated on a soddy-podzolic light loamy soil at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in Dotnuva during 1996-1998. An early sowing and sowing with 5 and 10 days delay were investigated. Seeding rate research comprised 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 million seed per ha. Agrochemical characteristic of the soil plough layer was as follow: P2O5 – 130-250, K2O-150-274 mg/kg of soil, pH – 6.1-7.4 and humus content – 1.54-2.77 %.

Data obtained revealed that yield of spring wheat was heavier when an early sowing of the crop was carried out as compared with the sowing of 5-10 days delay. When var. ‘Henika’ was sown with 5 days delay at the seeding rates of 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 million/ha the grain yield reduced by 13.6 %, 7.0 % and 9.7 %, respectively as compared with an early sowing. When sowing was delayed to 10 days, the yield reduced by 15.6 and 19.2 %, respectively. Significant yield decrease of var. ‘Munk’ and ‘Nandu’ was registered when the crop was sown with the 10 days delay. The best seeding rate was 5.5 ml/ha. The yield of straw was greater when sowing time was delayed. Spring wheat stand was denser when higher seed rate was sown. In later sown spring wheat there was a higher weed number and air-dry weight. Air-dry weight decreased when higher seed rate was sown. Spring wheat var. ‘Henika’ was more competitive with weeds, than var. ‘Munk’ and var. ‘Nandu’. The influence of sowing time on the development of productive stems was inconsiderable, but their number increased when higher seed rate was sown. Later sown spring wheat 1000 grain weight decreased, but the content of wet gluten and nitrogen in wheat flour increased.

Key words: spring wheat, sowing time, seed rate, weediness.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 105-111

UDK 633.358

ÞIRNIØ VYSTYMOSI IR PRODUKTYVUMO PRIKLAUSOMUMAS NUO SËJOS GYLIO LENGVO PRIEMOLIO DIRVOJE

Albinas AUÐKALNIS

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø raj.

El. paðtas: virgis@lzi.lt

Santrauka

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institute 1995-1998 m. maþø laukeliø bandyme daryti þirniø sëjos gylio tyrimai. Þirniai sëti nuo 1 iki 10 cm gyliu, gilinant 1 cm. Trejus metus bandyme sëti ‘Odin’, o 1998 m. ‘Grafila’ veislës pusiau belapiai þirniai. Tyrimø duomenimis, lengvo priemolio dirvoje, didþiausias þirniø derlius gautas pasëjus 3-5 cm gyliu. Þirniø sëklø derlius sumaþëjo vidutiniðkai 0,61-0,63 t/ha, arba 12,4-12,8 % pasëjus 1 ir 10 cm gyliu, palyginus su 3 cm gyliu sëtø þirniø derlingum

u.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: þirniai, sëjos gylis, sëklø derlius.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 105-111

UDK 633.358

INFLUENCE OF SOWING DEPTH ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PEAS ON A SANDY LOAM SOIL

A. Auðkalnis

Summary

Over the period 1995-1998 the effect of the pea sowing depth on the grain yield was investigated in the field experiment on a sandy loam soil at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. Experimental objective was to ascertain from which sowing depth the yield starts decreasing. The highest grain yield 5.54-5.36 t/ha was obtained when peas has been sown at 3-5 cm depth, it was 8.7-12.4 % higher in comparison with 1 cm depth. When sowing deeper than 7 cm a yield reduction trend was revealed. The pea grain yield decreased by 0.61- 0.63 t/ha or 12.4-12.8 % when sown to 1 and 10 cm depth, as compared to 3 cm.

Key words: peas, sowing depth, seed yield.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 112-

120

UDK 633.853.483:631.514:632.954

MECHANINIØ IR CHEMINIØ PASËLIO PRIEÞIÛROS PRIEMONIØ ÁTAKA BALTØJØ GARSTYÈIØ SËKLØ DERLIUI IR PASËLIO PIKTÞOLËTUMUI

Vilma ÞËKAITË

Lietuvos þemdirbystës instituto Perlojos bandymø stotis

Perloja, Varënos rajonas

El. paðtas: perlojabst@varena.omnitel.net

Santrauka

1995-1997 m. Li

etuvos þemdirbystës instituto Perlojos bandymø stotyje, priesmëlio dirvoje daryti lauko bandymai, siekiant nustatyti tinkamiausias baltøjø garstyèiø pasëlio prieþiûros priemones.

Vidutiniais tyrimø duomenimis, nuakëjus pasëlá, augalams esant 4-5 cm aukðèio, piktþoliø orasausë masë sumaþëjo 1,8-3,6 g/m². Herbicidai treflanas ir butizanas labai efektyviai naikino trumpaamþes piktþoles. Nupurðkus treflanu 5 l/ha, buvo iðnaikinta vidutiniðkai 67,7 % piktþoliø, o jø masë sumaþëjo 74,6 %. Nupurðkus butizanu 400

0,6 ir 1,0 l/ha norma, pasëlyje buvo iðnaikinta nuo 69,4 iki 73,5 % piktþoliø, o jø masë sumaþëjo 82,3 %, palyginus su voluotu prieð sëjà pasëliu. Vidutiniais tyrimø duomenimis, akëjimas prieð garstyèiø sudygimà ir augalams esant 4-5 cm aukðèio, sëklø derliø padidino neesminiai. Sëklø derlius, nupurðkus butizanu 400 1,0 l/ha, gautas ið esmës 0,15 t/ha, arba 20,5 % didesnis, palyginus su derliumi, gautu voluotame prieð sëjà pasëlyje.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: baltosios garstyèios, volavimas, akëjimas, herbicida

i.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 112-120

UDK 633.853.483:631.514:632.954

EFFECT OF MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL CROP MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE WEED INCIDENCE AND SEED YIELD OF WHITE MUSTARD

V. Þëkaitë

Summary

Experiments were carried out in 1995-1997 at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture’s Perloja Experimental Station. The soil of the Perloja Experimental site was sandy loam. The experimental objective was to ascertain the effect of mechanical and chemical crop management practices.

Harrowing of the stand when plants were 4-5 cm tall gave an effective control of weeds, and their mass declined significantly 3,6 g/m2, as compared with the check treatment. The herbicide Treflan and Butisan very effectively killed short-lived weeds. Herbicides Treflan and Butisan 400 gave an especially good control of short-lived weeds. Having sprayed with Treflan, 67.3 % of weeds were killed, and their weight declined 74.6 %. Butisan 400 applied at 1 and 0.6 l/ha rate controlled on average from 69.4 to 73.5 % of weeds, and their mass declined 82.3 %, as compared with the check treatment. According to the average data, harrowing before mustard emergence and at 4-5 cm plant height was insufficient. Having sprayed the stand with Butisan 400 at 1 l/ha rate the seed productivity increased 0.15 t/ha, or 20.5 %, as compared with the check treatment.

Key words: white mustard, rolling, harrowing, herbicides.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 7

4, 121-127

UDK 633.34:631.847.2/1

SOJØ SKIRTINGØ EKSPLANTØ REAKCIJA Á INOKULIAVIMÀ GUMBELINËMIS BAKTERIJOMIS

Rita ASAKAVIÈIÛTË, Sigutë KUUSIENË,

Algirdas SLIESARAVIÈIUS, Pranciðkus PRANAITIS

Lietuvos þemës ûkio universitetas

Akademija, Kauno rajonas

El. paðtas: rita@lzi.lt

Santrauka

Tyrimai da

ryti Lietuvos þemës ûkio universiteto Augalininkystës katedros Genetikos ir biotechnologijos laboratorijoje 1998-2000 metais. Naudota sojø ‘Progress’ sëklø gemaliniai pumpurëliai, gemalinës ðaknelës ir sëklaskilèiø eksplantai bei azotà fiksuojanèios gumbelinës bakterijos Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982 ðtamas Nr.2490.

Tirta sojø ávairiø eksplantø, augintø ant skirtingø terpiø, reakcija á inokuliavimà gumbelinëmis bakterijomis. Eksplantø masës po inokuliacijos padidëjimas priklausë nuo eksplanto prigimties, maitinamosios terpës sudëties ir inokuliacijos laiko.

Didþiausias masës priaugimas (5,3

% didesnis nei kontroliniame variante) gautas sëklaskiltes inokuliavus per 48 val. po jø pasodinimo ant proliferacinës terpës. Ant regeneracinës terpës, inokuliuojant tomis paèiomis sàlygomis, gemalinës ðaknelës masë gauta 3 % didesnë nei kontroliniame variante. Inokuliuojant eksplantus in vitro po 14 ir 28 dienø, ant proliferacinës terpës aktyviausiai augo sëklaskiltës, o ant regeneracinës terpës – gemalinës ðaknelës. Sëklaskilèiø eksplantuose po inokuliacijos suaktyvëjo rizogenezës procesai.

Tyrimai rodo, kad gumbelinës bakterijos turëjo poveiká sojø eksplantø augimui

in vitro.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: sojos veislë ‘Progress’, gumbelinës bakterijos

Bradyrhizobium japonicum, eksplantai, in vitro, inokuliacija.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 121-127

UDK 633.34:631.847.2/1

RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT EXPLANTS OF SOYA TO INOCULATION BY LEGUME BACTERIA

R. Asakavièiûtë, S

. Kuusienë, A. Sliesaravièius, P. Pranaitis

Summary

Research was carried out at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture’s Department of Crop Production, Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology over the period 1998-2000.

In the tests we used embryo buds, embryo roolets and seed-leaf explants of the soya variety ‘Progress’ and nitrogen fixing legume bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982 strain No 2490.

We investigated the response of various explants of soya to inoculation with legume bacteria. An increase in the mass of explants after inoculation depended on the nature of an explant, nutrient medium and inoculation time.

The highest increase in mass (5.3 % higher than in the control) was obtained when seed-leaves had been inoculated 48 hours after their planting on proliferation medium. The mass of embryo rootlet obtained on the regeneration medium under the same conditions was 3.0 % higher than in the control. When inoculating explants in in vitro culture, 14 and 28 days later seed-leaves grew most actively on proliferation medium while embryo rootlets – on regeneration medium.

After inoculating the processes of rhizogenesis became more active in the explants of seed-leaves.

Experimental findings suggest that legume bacteria influenced the growth of soya explants in in vitro culture.

Key words: soya ‘Progress’, root nodule bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum, explants, in vitro, inoculation.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74,

128-134

UDK 635; 65+633; 31/37

LÆÐIØ DERLIAUS PRIKLAUSOMUMAS NUO SËJOS LAIKO IR SËKLOS NORMOS

Osvaldas KAÞEMËKAS

Lietuvos þemës ûkio universitetas

Akademija, Kauno rajonas

El. paðtas: au@nora.lzua.lt

Santrauka

1998-2000 metais Lietuvos þemës ûkio universiteto Bandymø stotyje lengvo priemolio dirvoje tirtas stambiasëkliø læðiø veislës ‘Diskiai’ ir smulkiasëkliø læðiø veislës ‘Smëlinukai’ tinkamiausias sëjos laikas ir sëklos norma. Læðiø veislës buvo pasëtos ðeðiais skirtingais terminais: anksti pavasará (kai tik galima áeiti á laukà), po 5, 10, 15, 20 ir 25 dienø, iðsëjant 1,5, 2,0, 2,5, 3,0 ir 3,5 mln/ha daigiø sëklø. Trejø metø vidutiniais duomenimis, læðiai geriausiai derëjo pasëti anksti pavasará, veislës ‘Diskiai’ iðsëjant nuo 147,0 iki 183,8 kg/ha ir ‘Smëlinukai’ – nuo 74,0 iki 92,5 kg/ha sëklø. D

erlius svyravo: ‘Diskiai’ nuo 715,9 iki 740,0 ir ‘Smëlinukai’ – nuo 822,4 iki 853,1 kg/ha. Vëlinant sëjà ir didinant sëklos normà, derlius þymiai sumaþëjo.

Aukðèiausi læðiø augalai iðaugo pasëti pirmu sëjos terminu. Læðiai, pasëti anksti pavasará, uþaugino daugiausiai ankðèiø, o jose subrendo didþiausias sëklø kiekis. 1000 sëklø masë – 25,4 g taip pat buvo didþiausia pasëjus læðius anksèiausiai.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: læðiø veislës, sëjos laikas, sëklos normos.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 128-134

UDK 635; 65;+633; 31/37

SEED YIELD OF LENTILS IN RELATION TO SOWING TIME AND SEED RATE

O. Kaþemëkas

Summary

The most suitable sowing time and seed rate of the large-seeded lentil variety ‘Diskiai’ and the small-seeded variety ‘Sm

ëlinukai’ were investigated on a light loamy soil at the Experimental station of Lithuanian University of Agriculture over the period 1998-2000.

Lentil was sown at 6 different terms: early in spring (as soon as soil conditions allowed), after 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days at seed rates of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 million units of germinable seed per hectare. Three years’ averaged data suggest that lentil produced the highest yield when it had been sown early in spring at a seed rate: ‘Diskiai’ 147.0-183.8 kg/ha

and ‘Smëlinukai’ 74.0-92.5 kg/ha. The yield fluctuated: ‘Diskiai’ 715.9-740.0 kg/ha and ‘Smëlinukai’ 822.4-853.1 kg/ha.

Delay in sowing and increased seed rates resulted in a significant yield reduction.

The tallest plants of lentil were recorded in the treatment sown at the first sowing term. Lentil sown early in spring produced the highest number of pods with the highest seed number per pod. The highest 1000 seed weight 25.4 g was also found in the treatment of lentil sown at the earliest term.

Key words: lentil varieties, sowing time, seed rates.

 

III skyrius. ÞOLININKYSTË

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 135-149

UDK 631.816.1/3:633.16:633.2/.3

ANTSËLINIØ MIEÞIØ TRÆÐIMO BÛDØ POVEIKIS DAUGIAMETËMS ÞOLËMS

Regina REPÐIENË

Lietuvos þemdirbystës instituto Vëþaièiø filialas

Vëþaièiai, Klaipëdos rajonas

El. paðtas:

filialas@gargzdai.omnitel.net

Santrauka

Tyrimai atlikti 1996-1999 metais Lietuvos þemdirbystës instituto Vëþaièiø filiale. Dirvoþemis velëninis jaurinis glëjiðkas (JP

1v) nepasotintas balkðvaþemis (Jih) – Dystric Albeluvisol (Abd). Tirtas antsëliniø mieþiø lokalinio ir pakriko træðimo poveikis daugiametëms þolëms (raudoniesiems dobilams ir paðariniams motiejukams). Apibendrinus tyrimø duomenis paaiðkëjo, kad antsëlio træðimo bûdø átaka daugiametëms þolëms buvo jauèiama tik pirmaisiais jø naudojimo metais pirmojoje pjûtyje. Visais atvejais, træðiant tiek maþesnëmis (N60P30K30), tiek didesnëmis (N90P45K45) kompleksiniø tràðø „kemira power” 18-9-9 ir azooska 16-16-16 normomis, esminiø skirtumø nepastebëta. Raudonøjø dobilø kiekiui þolyne didesnæ neigiamà átakà turëjo tràðø N90P45K45 normos nei N60P30K30. Raudonøjø dobilø kiekis labiau maþëjo nuo maþesniø tràðø normø, áterptø lokaliai, ir didesniø tràðø normø, áterptø pakrikai.

Daugiameèiø þoliø sausøjø medþiagø derlius kito priklausomai nuo mieþiø derliaus dydþio (t/ha). Mieþiø grûdø derliui didëjant, daugiameèiø þoliø derlius maþëjo (r = 0,63*), o tame kiekyje ir raudonøjø dobilø (r =

0,82**).

Pakrikai træðtuose laukeliuose bendras sausøjø medþiagø derlius gautas didesnis, palyginus su træðtaisiais lokaliniu bûdu. Antrojoje pjûtyje bei antraisiais naudojimo metais pirmoje pjûtyje, lokaliai træðtuose laukeliuose, uþaugo didesnis daugiameèiø þoliø sausøjø medþiagø derlius, nei træðtuose pakrikai. Taèiau visais atvejais patikimø skirtumø negauta.

Daugiameèiø þoliø derliaus cheminë sudëtis keitësi priklausomai nuo þolyno botaninës sudëties. Nustatytas tiesinis ryðys tarp dobilø kiekio ir þaliø pelenø (r = 0,91**), þaliø proteinø (r = 0,68*), kalio (r = 0,42). Tiesinis neigiamas ryðys – tarp dobilø kiekio ir þalios làstelienos (r = 0,84**). Daugiameèiø þoliø cheminës sudëties esminiø skirtumø tarp skirtingø træðimo bûdø nepastebëta.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: træðimo bûdai (pakrikas, lokalinis), tràðø normos, antsëlis, daugiametës þolës, derlius.

Chapter 3. GRASSLAND HUSBANDRY

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 135-149

UDK 631.816.1/3:633.16:633.2/.3

IMPACT OF COVER BARLEY FERTILIZATION METHODS ON PERENNIAL GRASSES

R. Repðienë

Summary

Investigations were carried out during the 1996-1999 period in the Vëþaièiai Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. The soil under experiments was soddy podzolic light loam. The impact of placement and broadcast cover

barley fertilization methods on perennial grasses (red clover and timothy) yield was investigated. It was revealed that the greatest impact of fertilization methods on perennial grass yield was only in the first cut in the first year of use. Fertilization by a lower (N60P30K30) rate as well as by a higher (N90P45K45) rate of combined fertilizers Kemira power 18-9-9 and Azofoska 16-16-16 did not have any essential difference. A higher (N90P45K45) rate of these fertilizers had the greatest negative impact on the amount of red clover in the grassland. The lowest amount of red clover in the grassland was obtained when placement fertilization of the lower rate and broadcast fertilization by the higher rate had been used.

The changes in the dry matter yield of perennial grasses depended on barley yield (t/ha). Perennial grasses (r = 0.63**) and red clover (r = 0.82**) yield decreased when barley grain yield increased.

Broadcast fertilization gave a higher total dry matter yield in comparison to placement fertilization.

In the second cut in the first year of grasses use and in the first cut in the second year of use placement fertilization gave the highest dry matter yield of perennial grasses in comparison to broadcast fertilization, but a reliable statistical difference was not found.

Chemical composition of perennial grasses depended on grassland botanic composition. Correlation-regression analysis showed a direct link between the amount of red clover and crude ash (r = 0.91**), crude protein (r = 0.68*) and potassium (r = 0.42) and a direct negative link between the amount of red clover and crude fibre (r = 0.84**).

No significant differences were observed in the chemical composition of perennial grasses between different fertilisation methods.

Key words: fertilization methodss (placement and broadcast), fertilizer rates, clover, perennial grasses, yield.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 150-162

UDK 633.37:631.531.01:581.14

RYTINIØ OÞIARÛÈIØ (

GALEGA ORIENTALIS LAM.) SËKLØ BRENDIMAS

Jonas ÐLEPETYS

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas:

jonasgut@lzi.lt

Santrauka

1995-1999 m. tirta rytiniø oþiarûèiø (

Galega orientalis Lam.) sëklø brendimo dinamika. Per visà þydëjimo laikotarpá kas savaitæ buvo þymimi kà tik pradëjæ þydëti þiedynai ir stebimas jø brendimas. Praëjus 35-42 dienoms nuo pasëlio þydëjimo pradþios, kas savaitæ tris mënesius buvo nustatinëjamas biologinis sëklø derlius ir jo kokybë. Nustatyta, kad anksèiau praþystanèiuose þiedynuose ankðteliø ir sëklø uþsimezga ið esmës daugiau negu vëliau þydinèiuose, taèiau sëklø kokybë bûna panaði. Nuo þiedyno þydëjimo pradþios praëjus 42 dienoms, uþsimezgusiø sëklø daigumas ir 1000 sëklø masë buvo didþiausia. Didþiausias biologinis sëklø, atitinkanèiø kokybës reikalavimus, derlius subræsta praëjus 56-77 dienoms nuo oþiarûèiø þydëjimo pradþios, kai nurudusiø ir geltonø ankðteliø bûna apie 90 %. Vëliau nuimant, sëklø derlius maþëja, taèiau kokybë nesikeièia. Prognozuoti, kada anksèiausiai subræs didþiausias biologinis sëklø derlius, galima pagal aktyviø temperatûrø sumà (1064oC), skaièiuojamà nuo þydëjimo pradþios. Sëklø nuëmimo laikà geriausia nustatyti pagal nurudusiø ir geltonø ankðteliø kieká, iðreikðtà procentais.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: rytiniai oþiarûèiai, sëklø brendimas, biologinis derlius, sëklø kokybë, nuëmimo laikas

.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 150-162

UDK 633.37:631.531.01:581.14

INVESTIGATION OF FODDER GALEGA (GALEGA ORIENTALIS LAM.) SEED MATURATION

J. Ðlepetys

Summary

Seed maturation dynamics of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) was investigated over the period 1995-1999. Throughout the whole flowering period inflorescences which had just started flowering were marked weekly, and the course of maturation was observed. 35-42 days after the start of flowering biological seed yield and its quality were assessed for three months on a weekly basis. It was determined that inflorescences, starting flowering earlier, set a significantly higher number of pods and seed than those flowering later, however seed quality is similar. 42 days after the start of flowering of an inflorescence germination power of the set seed and 1000 seed weight are the highest. The highest biological yield of seed, meeting quality requirements, matures 56-77 days after the start of fodder galega flowering, when brown and yellow pods account for 90 %. Later harvesting of seed results in the yield reduction, however, the quality does not change. Predictions of the earliest term of the highest biological seed yield can be made on the basis of total active temperatures (1064oC) calculating from the start of flowering. Seed harvesting time can be determined according to the number of brown and yellow pods, expressed in per cent.

Key words: Galega orientalis, seed maturation, biological yield, quality, harvesting time.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 163-185

UDK 633.2/3:627.4

ÁVAIRIØ DAUGIAMEÈIØ ÞOLIØ ILGAAMÞIÐKUMAS POLDERINIØ PYLIMØ ÐLAITUOSE

Kazimieras KATUTIS

Lietuvos þemdirbystës instituto Þolininkystës skyrius

Ðilutës rajonas

El. paðtas:

pievos@Silute.omnitel.net

Santrauka

Ðiame darbe apibendrinta 1976-1999 m. tyrimø, atliktø apsauginiø polderiniø pylimø ðlaituose, medþiaga. Ávertintas ðiø pylimø ðlaitø stiprinimo bûtinumas apsëjant ilgaamþëmis þolëmis ir tuo bûdu uþtikrinant ilgalaiká ðlaitø stabilumà.

Tyrimø metu stebëta þolyno botaninës sudëties bei derlingumo kaita polderiniø pylimø ðlaituose.

Atlikus ilgalaikius lauko tyrimus Nemuno deltoje polderiniø pylimø ðlaituose, nustatyta, kad pirmaisiais po sëjos metais pylimø ðlaitø þolyne vyravo ankðtinës þolës – raudonieji ir rausvieji dobilai (

Trifolium pratense L., T. hybridum L.), varpinës þolës – daugiametës svidrës (Lolium perenne L.), paðariniai motiejukai (Phleum pratense L.), tikrieji eraièinai (Festuca pratensis Huds.), beginklës dirsës (Bromopsis inermis Leyss.). Po þolyno kaitos stabilizacijos pylimø ðlaituose dominavo þolynai, sudaryti ið beginkliø dirsiø (Bromopsis inermis Leyss.), raudonøjø eraièinø (Festuca rubra L.), pieviniø migliø (Poa pratensis L.) su kitø þoliø priemaiða.

Apatinëje pylimo ðlaito dalyje, kur GVL vegetacijos metu buvo 0,1-0,5 m, vyravo þolynai, sudaryti ið nendriniø dryþuèiø

(Phalaroides arundinacea (L) Kanschert.), baltøjø smilgø (Agrostis stolonifera L.) bei kitø þoliø. Kylant ðlaitu aukðtyn, þolyne pradeda dominuoti raudonieji eraièinai (Festuca rubra L.), beginklës dirsës (Bromopsis inermis Leyss.), ðunaþolës (Dactylis glomerata L.) ir kitos sausrai atsparesnës þolës. Ávairiø þoliø augimo arealà galima apskaièiuoti naudojantis empirine formule [2].

Þolynai, augantys ant polderiniø pylimø ðlaitø, yra gana derlûs – sausøjø medþiagø derlius virðija 10 t/ha. Þolyno derlingumui apskaièiuoti galima naudoti empirinæ formulæ [3].

Reikðminiai þodþiai: uþliejimas, polderiniai pylimai, þolyno derlingumas, þolyno botaninë sudëtis, GVL, Nemuno delta.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 163-185

UDK 633.2/3:627.4

LONGEVITY OF VARIOUS PERENNIAL GRASSES ON THE SLOPES OF POLDER DIKES

K. Katutis

Summary

Over the period 1976-1999 experiments were made in the Lower Nemunas to determe the dynamics of botanical structure of grassland on the slopes of dikes of polders within 25 years after construction.

During the experimental period we estimated the alternations in the sward botanical composition and productivity on the slopes of polder dikes.

In the first year after sowing the following legumes predominated on the slopes of dikes: red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.), and the following grasses: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), common timothy (Phleum pratense L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), smooth bromegrass (Bromopsis inermis Leyss.). After stabilisation of grasslands’ botanical composition the following swards predominated the slopes of dikes: smooth bromegrass (Bromopsis inermis Leyss.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), smooth-stalked meadow-grass (Poa pratensis L.). In the lower part of the slope, where the level of ground water table was about 0.1-0.5 m, the following swards predominated: reed canary grass (Phalaroides arundinacea (L) Kanschert.) and creeping bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). An empirical formula can be used for the calculation of the botanical composition of grassland on the different parts on the slope [2].

The productivity of slope grasslands was very good – about 10 t/ha. An empirical formula can be used for the calculation of the productivity of different parts of the slope of polder dikes in the Lower Nemunas [3].

Key words: grassland productivity and botanical composition, level of ground water table, delta of the Nemunas river.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 186-200

UDK 633.2.033

GANYKLOS APKROVA PREKINËJE PIENO IR MËSOS FERMOJE

Jon

as GUTAUSKAS, Elena PETRAITYTË

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El.paðtas:

jonasgut@lzi.lt

Santrauka

Modelinis lauko bandymas darytas 1997-1998 m. Lietuvos þemdirbystës instituto Sëklininkystës ûkio Valinavos kultûrinëje ganykloje. Tyrimams atlikti buvo suprojektuota ir árengta eksperimentinë ganykla, kurios plotas – 7,92 ha. Bandymai atlikti pagal ðià teorinæ schemà: 1) 4 melþiamos karvës viename ha – vidutinë ganyklos apkr

ova, 2) 5 melþiamos karvës ha – padidinta ganyklos apkrova, 3) 6 melþiamos karvës ha – didelë ganyklos apkrova.

Nustatyta, jog faktinës ganyklø apkrovos skyrësi nuo teoriniø suplanuotø ir priklausë nuo meteorologiniø veiksniø, þolës augimo spartos bei ganiavos ciklø. Ganiavos sezono pradþioje jos buvo þymiai didesnës uþ suplanuotas, antroje sezono pusëje – maþesnës.

Intensyvus ganymas, esant didelei ganyklos apkrovai, jau antrais metais turëjo ryðkø poveiká þolynø botaninës sudëties kaitai. Baltøjø dobilø dalis metiniame sausøjø medþiagø derliuje padidëjo nuo 3,3-5,7 % iki 11,3-16,1 % ir gerokai sumaþëjo ávairiaþoliø – iki 23,4-27,5 %. Bandymo vykdymo metais gautas didelis ir stabilus gyvuliams pateiktos þolës sausøjø medþiagø derlius. Skirtumø tarp didþiaus

ios ir maþiausios ganyklø apkrovos nebuvo. Skirtingos ganyklos apkrovos turëjo tik neþymià átakà þolës cheminei sudëèiai. Taèiau nustatyta stipri þaliø proteinø kiekio didëjimo tendencija intensyviau ganomoje þolëje.

Skirtingos ganyklos apkrovos stipriai ve

ikë bendràjá produkcijos kieká, gaunamà ið besigananèiø galvijø, ir turëjo esminá poveiká modelinio ûkio pieno gamybos efektyvumui. 1997 m. pieno primilþis, tenkantis 1 ha ganyklos ið 10 melþiamø karviø bandos, esant vidutinei ganyklos apkrovai, siekë 8166 kg, esant padidintai – 9721 kg, didelei – 11839 kg pieno. Atitinkamai 1998 m. – 5957 kg, 7487 kg ir 9766 kg.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: ganyklos apkrova, ganymo ciklas, ganymas, pieno primilþis, botaninë sudëtis, sausøjø medþiagø derlius, modelinis ûkis.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 186-200

UDK 633.2.033

STOCKING RATE ON A MARKET DAIRY-BEEF FARM

J. Gutauskas, E. Petraitytë

Summary

A model outdoor experiment was carried out between 1997-1998 in the cultivated pasture established in 1988 on the Valinava pasture of the LIA’s seed production farm. An experimental pasture system was established in 1996 with an area of 7.92 ha. Since 1997 the experiment was carried out following the below given theoretical design:

1. 4 dairy cows per ha. Medium stocking rate. 10 cattle group.

2. 5 dairy cows per ha. Increased stocking rate. 10 cattle group.

3. 6 dairy cows per ha. High stocking rate. 10 cattle group.

Each pasture system differing in the stocking rate was divided in 9 conditional small paddocks: 7 paddocks for grazing, 2 paddocks as a spare plot. Grazing time per paddock was 3-4 days for all the stocking rate cases. The soil under experiments was sod gleyic, podzolized light loam, with a pHKCL value – 6.6-6.9; humus – 4.35-4.74; P2O5 – 134-158 and K2O – 120-140 mg/kg of soil. Fertilisation background was N120P60K60. The experimental area was grazed 4 times in 1997, and 6 times in 1998. Natural conditions and meteorological factors were very diverse during the experimental period. In 1997 controlled grazing time was 132 days, in 1998-116 grazing days.

Actual stocking rates differed from theoretical planned ones and depended on meteorological factors, grass growing rate and grazing cycles. At the beginning of grazing season the stocking rates were markedly higher than the planned ones, while in the second half of the season they were lower. A medium stocking rate of the pasture was 5.68-7.09 cattle ha at the beginning of the season, and 3.15 cattle ha during the rest of the grazing cycles. A increased stocking rate of the pasture was 6.84-8.55 cattle ha at the beginning of the season, later –3.78 cattle ha, a high stocking rate was 8.47-10.64 and 4.74 cattle ha.

Intensive grazing on the background of a high stocking rate of the pasture had a significant effect on the variation of herbage botanical composition already in the second year.

Different stocking rates of the pasture had a strong effect on the total production obtained from grazing cattle. The highest seasonal live weight gain of 55.5 kg was secured by the medium stocking rate of the pasture, on the background of increased and high stocking rates the live weight gain was 40.3-45.6 kg. In 1997 on the background of medium stocking rate of the pasture the milk yield per cow during the controlled grazing period (132 days) was 2585.7 kg, on the background of increased stocking rate the milk yield was 2563.4 kg and on the background of high stocking rate – 2503.9 kg. The milk yield during the grazing season of 1998 (116 days) was 1887.2 kg, 1974.2 kg and 2065.4 kg respectively.

High stocking rates of the pasture had an essential effect on the efficiency of milk production on the model farm. In 1997 the milk yield per hectare of the pasture in the group of 10 dairy cows in the case of medium stocking rate of the pasture was 8166 kg, in the case of increased stocking rate – 9721 kg, and high – 11839 kg. During the grazing season of 1998 the milk yield was 5957 kg, 7487 kg and 9766 kg respectively.

Key words: stocking rate, pasture, grazing, milk yield, live weight gain.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 201-214

UDK 63:620.9

ATSINAUJINANÈIØ ENERGIJOS ÐALTINIØ ÞEMËS ÛKYJE PAIEÐKA

Aldona KRYÞEVIÈIENË

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas: jonasgut@lzi.lt

Algirdas JASINSKAS, Algirdas ÞALTAUSKAS

Lietuvos þemës ûkio inþinerijos institutas

Raudondvaris, LT-4320 Kauno rajonas

El. paðtas:

lingeng@mei.lt

Santrauka

1997-1999 metais Lietuvos þemdirbystës ir Lietuvos þemës ûkio inþinerijos institutuose atlikti kompleksiniai tyrimai, skirti paieðkai energetinëms reikmëms tinkanèiø augalø bei jø auginimui ir panaudojimui ávertinti.

Nustatyta, kad biokurui pakankamai tinkanèias energetines savybes turi þemës ûkio gamyboje augalininkystës produkcijos antrinës þaliavos – javø ðiaudai, sëkliniø daugiameèiø þoliø kûlenos, nesunaudoti kukurûzø, topinambø ir saulëgràþø stiebai bei natûraliuose sàþalynuose auganèios paprastosios nendrës (

Phragmites communis Trin.) ir kitos daugiametës þolës.

Specialiai energetinëms reikmëms rengiamose plantacijose ekonomiðkiausia bûtø auginti daugiametes varpines þoles – beginkles dirses (

Bromus inermis Leyss.) ir nendrinius eraièinus (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) ir ypaè jø miðiná su ankðtinëmis medingomis þolëmis – geltonþiedþiais arba baltaþiedþiais barkûnais (Melilotus officinalis L.) ir daugiameèiais lubinais (Lupinus polyphyllus L.). Pastarøjø þoliø nauda ávairiapusë. Þoliniø augalø masei paruoðti kurui tiks tos paèios technologijos kaip ir ðiaudams.

Miðiniø nuëmimo laiko nustatymo ir ankðtiniø þoliø iðsilaikymo bei savaiminio atsisëjimo tyrimai tæsiami.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: biokuras, augalininkystës ðalutinë produkcija, daugiametës þolës, paprastosios nendrës, topinambai.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 201-214

UDK 63:620.9

SEARCH FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN AGRICULTURE

A. Kryþevièiene, A. Jasinskas, A. Þaltauskas

Summary

Complex experiments with a view to searching for plants suitable for energy purposes and to evaluating their cultivation and use were carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture and the Lithuanian Institute of Agricultural Engineering.

It was determined that by products of agricultural crop production, such as cereal straw, chaff and straw of perennial seed grasses, unused stems of maize, topinamburs and sunflowers as well as common reed and other perennial grasses growing in natural clusters have sufficiently suitable energy properties for being used as bio fuel.

In the plantations specially established for energy purposes it is most economical to grow perennial grasses-smooth bromegrass and tall fescue, and especially its mixture with woody legumes such as white or yellow-flowering sweet clover and perennial lupine. The benefit of the latter grasses is versatile. The same technologies as for straw will be suitable for the preparation of grass plants' mass for fuel.

Experiments on harvesting timing of mixtures and persistence of legumes and self-sowing are being continued.

Key words: bio fuel, by produce of crop production, perennial grasses, common reed, topinamburs.

 

IV skyrius. AUGALØ SELEKCIJA

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 215-228

UDK 633.322:631.526.32

BALTØJØ DOBILØ SELEKCIJA IR NAUJOS VEISLËS

Algirdas SPRAINAITIS

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas: lzeminst@lzi.lt

Santrauka

Per 70 selekcinio darbo metø (1924-1994) sukurtos 4 baltøjø dobilø (

Trifolium repens L.) veislës – ‘Bitûnai’, ‘Atoliai’, ‘Sûduviai’ ir ‘Medûnai’, ið kuriø 3 pirmosios áraðytos á Tinkamiausiø Lietuvoje auginti augalø veisliø sàraðà (‘Bitûnai’ – 1962 m., ‘Atoliai’ – 1987 m., ‘Sûduviai’ – 1997 m.). Baltøjø dobilø veislë ‘Nemuniai’ – tai sudëtinga hibridinë populiacija, sukurta polikroso ir atrankos metodais ið 10-ties veisliø augalø sëklø, iðlikusiø po dirbtinës dobilø vëþio infekcijos, 1999 m. perduota valstybiniams tyrimams. Vidutinis 5-iø bandymø sëklø derlius – 157,2 kg/ha, sausøjø medþiagø – 8,56 t/ha.

Dob

ilø þiemojimo sàlygos 1995-2000 m. buvo gan neblogos – vidutiniðkai iðsilaikë 83,9-97,1 % augalø. Sausøjø medþiagø pasiskirstymas per vegetacijà priklausë nuo krituliø kiekio, pjûèiø skaièiaus bei genotipiniø veislës savybiø. Dobilai Nr.517 iðsiskyrë palankiausiu ðiø poþymiø suderinamumu. Geriausiø selekciniø numeriø visø sëjos, naudojimø metø bei pjûèiø vidutinis dobilø kiekis miðiniuose buvo gan palankus gyvuliams ðerti – svyravo nuo 30,2 iki 43,3 %. Nustatytas stiprus ryðys (r = 0,95-0,99) tarp sausøjø medþiagø ir neapdorotø baltymø derliaus. Tai, kad baltymø kiekis sausosiose medþiagose beveik nepriklauso nuo veislës (r = 0,27 ± 0,15), leidþia daryti prielaidà, kad baltøjø dobilø selekcijà tikslinga vykdyti bendrojo derlingumo, iðsilaikymo þolyne didinimo kryptimi.

Iðauginti bent vidutiná (100-200 kg/ha) baltøjø dobilø sëklø derliø pavyko ne kasmet. Sukurti dobilø hibridai Nr.517, 598, 1123, 1124, 1125 vidutiniu sëklø derliumi standartà ‘Atoliai’ (100,8 kg/ha) virðijo 33,5-62,5 %. Pagrindiniai rodikliai, be meteorologiniø sàlygø, lemiantys dobilø veisliø sëklø derliø, buvo þiedynø kiekis ploto vienete, 1000 sëklø masë bei þiedynø sëklingumas (r = 0,79 ± 0,14).

Reikðminiai þodþiai: baltieji dobilai, veislës, selekcija, sëklininkystë.

Chapter 4. PLANT BREEDING

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 215-228

UDK 633.322:631.526.32

WHITE CLOVER BREEDING AND NEW VARIETIES

A. Sprainaitis

Summary

During a 70 year period (1924-1994) Lithuanian plant breeders developed four cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens

L.) – ‘Bitûnai’, ‘Atoliai’, ‘Sûduviai’ and ‘Medûnai’. Three of them are included in the National Variety List. The new cultivar ‘Nemuniai’ is a hybrid population, developed by a pollycross method from ten other varieties that survived after artificial clover rot infection (Sclerotinia trifolium Erikss.). Average seed yield of five trials was 157.2 kg/ha, dry matters yield 8.56 t/ha.

In 1995-2000 the wintering conditions for white clover were favourable – approximately 83.9-97.1 % of plants survived. Dry matter yield varied during the vegetative growth period, and depended on precipitation, number of cuts, and was determined by genetic characteristics. The population No.517 outyielded the other breeding material in dry matter. White clover amounted to 30.2-43.3 % in five trial swards, planted in different years and used for two years with two cuts every year. Such amount of clover in swards was favourable for animal forage.

In some years the seed yield reached 100-200 kg/ha. Hybrids No.517, 598, 1123, 1124, 1125 outyielded the standard cultivar ‘Atoliai’ (100.8 kg/ha) by 33.5-62.5 %. However, the differences in the seed yield between the cultivars and the new breeding material were not significant.

Key words: white clover, variety, breeding, seed production.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 229-239

UDK 633.21:631.527

LAUKINIØ EKOTIPØ ATRANKA PIEVINIØ MIGLIØ SELEKCIJOJE

Nijolë LEMEÞIENË

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas:

nijole@lzi.lt

Santrauka

Laukiniø ekotipø atranka – naujos genetinës medþiagos ðaltinis pieviniø migliø (paðarui) selekcijoje. Ekspedicijø po ávairias natûralias augimvietes metu buvo surinkti 209 laukiniø pieviniø migliø ekotipø sëklø pavyzdþiai, ið kuriø 178 jau iðtirti. Tyrimai parodë, kad dalis pieviniø migliø laukiniø ekotipø, surinktø ávairiose Lietuvos natûraliose augimvietëse, pasiþymëjo morfologiniø poþymiø bei ûkiðkai naudingø savybiø ávairove rûðies viduje. Kai kurie la

ukiniai ekotipai yra perspektyvûs selekcijoje bei vertingi genetinës kolekcijos kaupimo prasme.

Ið 178 iðtirtø selekciniuose augynuose pieviniø migliø laukiniø ekotipø 99 (55,6 %) pagal morfologinius poþymius buvo ðienaujamo-ganyklinio tipo, 58 (32,6 %) – ganyklinio-ðienaujamo, 21 (11,8 %) – tinkamas vejoms árengti, 85 (48 %) jø dauginosi apomiksës bûdu.

Laukinis ðienaujamo tipo ekotipas (kat. Nr.1796), surastas 1995 metais pamiðkës pievelëje ties Pagëgiais (Ðilutës rajonas), pasiþymëjo derlingumu, augalø aukðtumu, dideliu kero diametru, stiebø lapuotumu bei lapø ploèiu. Konkursiniuose paðariniø veisliø bandymuose sausøjø medþiagø derliumi ðis numeris pralenkë standartinæ veislæ ‘Lanka’ net 24,09 %, o veislæ ‘Gausa’ – 2,79 %.

Ðis laukinis ekotipas, kaip nauja veislë ‘Gaja’, 2000 m. buvo perduotas á Valstybiná augalø veisliø tyrimo centrà.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: laukiniai ekotipai, pievinës miglës, natûralios augimvietës.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 229-239

UDK 633.21:631.527

SELECTION OF WILD ECOTYPES IN KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS BREEDING

N. Lemeþienë

Summary

Selection of Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis L.) wild ecotypes is a source of genetic material for breeding. 209 seed samples of Kentucky bluegrass were collected during the expeditions to different natural habitats of forage grasses in Lithuania, 178 of them have already been evaluated.

It was determined that part of wild ecotypes of perennial forage grasses collected over the period of 1994-1998 in various natural habitats were characterised by a great variety of morphological qualities and VCU valuable properties within the genus. 99 ecotypes were attributed to the hay mowing-pasture type, 58 – pasture-hay mowing type, 21 – suitable for turf; 48 % of them propagate by the way of apomixis. We distinguished valuable natural habitats of forage and turf grasses.

Wild ecotype (cat. No.1796) collected in 1995 on the meadow of the forest nearby Pagëgiai (Ðilutë distr.) distinguished itself by high yielding, plant height, high leafl

iness of stem and width of leaves. This number outyielded the standard variety ‘Lanka’ by 24.09 % and variety ‘Gausa’ – by 2.79 % by the dry matther yield in the variety trials. The new Kentucky bluegrass (for forage) variety ‘Gaja’ (cat. No.1796) was passed on the State Varieties testing centre in 2000.

Key words: wild ecotypes, Kentucky bluegrass, natural habitats.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 240-251

UDK:631.528.2:[633.265+633.264]

POLIPLOIDIJA DAUGIAMEÈIØ SVIDRIØ IR TIKRØJØ ERAIÈINØ SELEKCIJOJE

Steponas NEKROÐAS, Juozas KANAPECKAS, Raimonda DAPKIENË

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos se

n., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas:

selekcentras@lzi.lt

Santrauka

Ankstesniais tyrimais buvo nustatyta, kad kuriant tetraploidus pirmiausia bûtina diploidø iðbrinkusias sëklas paveikti 0,05 % kolchicino vandens tirpalu 8 val. Po to diploidinës formos iðbrokuojamos pagal morfologinius poþymius, þiedadulkiø ir sëklø dydá. Taip sukurti daugiameèiø svidriø ir tikrøjø eraièinø geriausiø selekciniø numeriø bei veisliø tetraploidai ir suformuotos jø tetraploidinës populiac

ijos, kurios iðtirtos genetiniu-selekciniu poþiûriu selekciniuose augynuose bei pradiniuose veisliø bandymuose 1996-2000 m.

1997-2000 m. sëjos klonø augyne tirti 78 tetraploidiniø daugiameèiø svidriø numeriai. Þolës derliumi standartinæ veislæ ‘Sodrë’ lenkë 23 numeriai. Ypaè derlingi buvo 302 7-3-3, 302 8-9-3, 302 3-3-2, 302 2-12-3, 302-5 ir 478-4 numeriai. Numeris 302 2-12-3 pasiþymëjo ir geru þiemojimu, o numeriai 302-5 ir 478-4 geriau þiemojo ir atþëlë po pjûèiø bei maþiau sirgo ligomis.

Pradiniuose

veisliø bandymuose tirti 6 tetraploidiniai numeriai sausøjø medþiagø derliumi lenkë naujausià daugiameèiø svidriø veislæ ‘Þvilgë’. Derlingumu iðsiskyrë numeris 302 7-1-1, kuris sausøjø medþiagø derliumi lenkë veislæ ‘Þvilgë’ 11,4 %.

Sukurti tikrøjø eraièinø tetraploidiniai numeriai 740-23 ir 740-25 pradiniuose veisliø bandymuose sausøjø medþiagø derliumi lenkë diploidiná standartà ‘Dotnuva I’ atitinkamai 16,4 ir 18,9 %, o standartà ‘Kaita’ – atitinkamai 3,4 ir 5,6 %.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: selekcija, daugiametës svidrës, tikrieji eraièinai, diploidai, tetraploidai, sausosios medþiagos.

ISSN 1392-3194

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 240-251

UDK:631.528.2:[633.265+633.264]

POLYPLOIDY IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AND MEADOW FESCUE BREEDING

S. Nekroðas,

J. Kanapeckas, R. Dapkienë

Summary

In previons investigations it was established that the most effective way to create tetraploids is to treat swollen seeds with 0.05 % colchicine solution for 8 h with following elimination of diploid forms according to morphological features, the size of pollen grains and seeds.

The tetraploids of the best breeding numbers and varieties of perennial ryegrass and meadow fescue were created and tetraploid populations were formed and tested in the breeding nurseries and initial variety testing in 1996-2000.

78 tetraploid numbers of perennial ryegrass were tested at clonal nursery in 1997-2000.

23 tetraploid numbers exceeded the standard tetraploid variety ‘Sodrë’ in grass yield. The numbers 302 7-3-3, 302 8-9-8, 302 3-3-3, 302 2-12-3 and 478-4 were particularly high yielding. Number 302 2-12-3 had an excellent wintering, numbers 302-5 and 478-4 had a better wintering, regrowth after cuts and fewer deseases.

6 tetraploid numbers of perennial ryegrass slightly exceeded in dry matter yield the newest tetraploid variety ‘Þvilgë’. Number 302 7-1-1 exceeded in dry matter yield the variety ‘Þvilgë

’ by 11.4 %.

The tetraploid numbers 740-23 and 740-25 exceeded the diploid standard ‘Dotnuva I’ in dry matter yield by 16.4 and 18.9 % and standard ‘Kaita’ by 3.4 and 5.6 % respectively at the initial variety trials.

Key words: breeding, perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue, diploids, tetraploids, dry matter.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 252-263

UDK 633.22:631.526.32

PAPRASTØJØ ÐUNAÞOLIØ VEISLË ‘REGENTA’

Pavelas TARAKANOVAS

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija, Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas:

pavelas@lzi.lt

Santrauka

Paprastøjø ðunaþoliø veislë ‘Regenta’ sukurta su

kryþminus 4 regenerantus, gautus làsteliø kultûros metodu ið produktyviø klonø, atrinktø ið veisliø ‘Norwestern’ (Kanada) ir ‘Holstenkamp’ (Vokietija).

Naujosios veislës selekcinio darbo pradþia 1982 m.,

Valstybiniam augalø veisliø tyrimo centrui perduota 1998 m.

K

onkursiniuose veisliø bandymuose vidutiniðkai per tris ciklus (1997-2000 m.) veislës ‘Regenta’ sausøjø medþiagø derliaus gauta 16,07 t/ha, arba 6,35 %, þalios masës – 70,39 t/ha, arba 10,71 %, sëklø – 314,87 kg/ha, arba 4,4 % daugiau uþ standartinæ veislæ ‘Asta’.

Veislë ‘Regenta’ vëlyvesnë, plaukëti augalai pradeda 7 dienomis vëliau negu veislës ‘Asta’. Þiemoja ‘Regenta’ truputá blogiau (1,7 balo) negu ‘Asta’ (1,53 balo). Pavasará ir po pjûèiø ðunaþolës ‘Regenta’ atþelia geriau negu ‘Asta’. Naujieji augalai atsparesni lapø dëmëtligei ir rûdims. Ðunaþoliø ‘Regenta’ paðarai geresnës kokybës nei ðunaþoliø ‘Asta’. Sausosiose medþiagose þaliø proteinø yra daugiau 13,06 % (+0,84 %),

làstelienos maþiau 27,63 % (-2,06 %), o sausøjø medþiagø virðkinamumas (in vitro) patikimai didesnis (65,7 %) negu standartinës veislës (57,7 %).

Reikðminiai þodþiai: paprastoji ðunaþolë, veislës, selekcija, sëklininkystë.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 252-263

UDK 633.22:631.526.32

COCKSFOOT VARIETY ‘REGENTA’

P. Tarakanovas

Summary

The cocksfoot vcariety ‘Regenta’ was bred by the method of synthetic selection, crossing 4 somatoclonal variants from the variety ‘Norwestern’ (Canada) and ‘Holstenkamp’ (Germany). It is a medium-late, hay-type variety. Its heading date at in the end of May or in the first days of June. Seeds get mature at the end of July, 8 days later than of the variety ‘Asta’.

Under a 3 cut management the variety produced on average during the vegetative growth period 70.39 t/ha of green material and 16.07 t/ha of dry matter and exceed the standard variety ‘Asta’ by 10.7 % and 6.3 % respectively.

The average seed yield is 314.9 kg/ha, which is a little higher than that of the standard variety (301.5 kg/ha).

The variety ‘Regenta’ has a lower winter hardiness (1.7 points) as compared with the standard variety (1.5 points). The variety is more resistant to diseases such as common leaf spot and crown rust.

The new variety has a higher crude protein content (13.1 %), and dry matter digestibility (65.7 %) as compared with the standard variety (12.22 and 57.7 % respectively).

Key words: cocksfoot, variety, breeding and seed production.

 

V skyrius. AUGALØ APSAUGA

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 264-275

UDK 633.112.9:632.4:632.952

ÞIEMINIØ KVIETRUGIØ LAPØ IR PAÐAKNIO GRYBINIØ LIGØ PLITIMO DËSNINGUMAI IR FUNGICIDØ NAUDOJIMO LAIKAS

Irena GAURILÈIKIENË

Lietuvos þemdirbystës institutas

Akademija,

Dotnuvos sen., Këdainiø rajonas

El. paðtas:

jsurkus@lzi.lt

Santrauka

Þieminiø kvietrugiø apsaugos nuo paðaknio ir lapø ligø tyrimai daryti Dotn

uvoje 1996-1998 m. Visais tyrimø metais pagrindinë þieminiø kvietrugiø lapø liga buvo septoriozë (Septoria spp.). Staigus septoriozës iðplitimas pasëlyje buvo pastebëtas þydëjimo ir brendimo tarpsniuose. 1996 ir 1998 m. þieminiuose kvietrugiuose buvo iðplitusi rusvoji dëmëtligë (Drechslera tritici-repentis). Rudosios rûdys (Puccinia recondita) þieminiuose kvietrugiuose iðplito tik 1998 m. brendimo tarpsnio pradþioje. Tyrimø metais stiebalûþë (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides) ir paðaknio puviniai (Fusarium spp., Gaeumannomyces graminis ir kt.) þieminiuose kvietrugiuose plito nevienodai, taèiau visais metais ligø iðsivystymas buvo maþas.

Þieminiø kvietrugiø apsaugai nuo lapø ligø buvo naudoti fungicidai tiltas 25 % k.e. 0,5 l/ha ir folikuras 25 % k.e. 1,0 l/ha. Efektyviausiai augalus nuo lapø ligø apsaugojo fungicidai, panaudoti vienà kartà plaukëjimo metu arba po pusæ normos, nupurkðtos per du kartus, t.y. bamblëjimo pabaigoje (DK 39) ir plaukëjimo (DK 55) tarpsniuose.

Didþiausias þieminiø kvietrugiø grûdø derliaus priedas – 0,82-0,86 t/ha – gautas panaudojus fungicidø tilto ir folikuro pusæ normos du kartus. Dël silpno stiebalûþës iðsivystymo fungicidas sportakas 45 % k.e. 1,0 l/ha buvo ekonomiðkai neefektyvus.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: þieminiai kvietrugiai, septoriozë, rusvoji dëmëtligë, rudosios rûdys, stiebalûþë, paðaknio puviniai, fungicidai, grûdø derlius.

Chapter 5. PLANT PROTECTION

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 264-275

UDK 633.112.9:632.4:632.952

THE SPREAD OF FUNGAL LEAF AND ROOT ROT DISEASES IN WINTER TRITICALE STANDS AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES

I. Gaurilèikienë

Summary

Trials to investigate control measures against winter triticale root rot and leaf diseases were carried out in 1996-1998 in Dotnuva.

Septoria leaf blotch (Septoria spp.) was the main leaf disease of triticale. Tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and brown rust (Puccinia recondita) occurred on winter triticale stands too. The most effective against foliar diseases were full doses of the fungicides Tilt and Folicur applied at the heading stage and twice – a half dose at the end of stem elongation (DC 39), and a half dose at heading (DC 55). Over the experimental period the incidence of eyespot and common root rot was not significant for triticale. Sportac suspended the spread of eyespot.

A significant yield increase was obtained having sprayed Tilt and Folicur in all the treatments. The highest yield increase 0.82-0.86 t/ha was obtained in the treatments sprayed twice with the fungicides. Owing to a low severity of eyespot a significant yield increase through Sportac application was not obtained.

Key words: winter triticale, Septoria diseases, Tan spot, Brown rust, Eyespot, common root rot, fungicides, grain yield.

 

ISSN 1392-3196

Þemdirbystë. Mokslo darbai, 2001, 74, 276-290

UDK 633:632.4

AUGALØ LIGØ PLITIMAS BIOLOGINËS IR INTENSYVIOS ÞEMDIRBYSTËS SÀLYGOMIS VAKARØ LIETUVOJE

Elena Vanda MINEIKIENË, Saulius GUÞYS

Lietuvos þemdirbystë instituto Vëþaièiø filialas

El. paðtas:

filialas@gargzdai.omnitel.net

Santrauka

Tyrimai atlikti kalkintuose velëniniame jauriniame vidutiniðkai pajaurëjusiame (J

v2) lengvo priemolio, glëjiðkame velëniniame jauriniame (JPv1) priemolio ant smëlingo priemolio dirvoþemiuose ir nerûgðèiame pajaurëjusiame velëniniame glëjiðkame (VG1j) priemolio ant smëlingo priemolio dirvoþemyje biologinës ir intensyvios þemdirbystës sàlygomis.

Intensyvios þemdirbystës taikymas leido gauti 44-62 % didesná þieminiø kvieèiø, 94-106 % mieþiø grûdø ir 70-220 % paðariniø runkeliø ðakniavaisiø derliø, palyginus su biologine þemdirbyste. Visais tyrimø metais þieminius kvieèius paþeidë septoriozë (

Septoria tritici Rob. et Desm S. nodorum Berk), miltligë (Erysiphe graminis de Candolle ex Merat), stiebalûþë (Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron.), rudosios rûdys (Puccinia triticina Erikss et. Henn). Þieminiø kvieèiø grûdø derliø ið esmës maþino septoriozës ir stiebalûþës plitimas pasëlyje 71 DK tarpsnyje. Tiriamos þemdirbystës sistemos septoriozës plitimui þieminiuose kvieèiuose esminës átakos neturëjo. Stiebalûþë, miltligë, rûdys abiejuose dirvoþemio tipuose beveik visais atvejais labiau augalus paþeidë intensyvios þemdirbystës sàlygomis. Tai siejama su augalø geresnëmis mitybos (ypaè azotu) sàlygomis.

Vasarinius mieþius 37 ir 71 DK tarpsniuose paþeidë tinkliðkoji dryþligë (

Helminthosporium teres Sacc) ir miltligë (Erysiphe graminis de candolle ex Merat), o smulkiosios rûdys (Puccinia simplex Erikss. Henn.) ir rinchosporiozë (Rynchosporium graminicola Heins.) – 71 DK tarpsnyje. Minëtø ligø plitimas ið esmës maþino mieþiø grûdø derliø. Visos minëtos ligos vasariniø mieþiø pasëlyje labiau plito biologinës þemdirbystës sàlygomis, palyginus su intensyvia.

Paðarinius runkelius visais tyrimø metais paþeidë sausasis viduriniø lapø puvinys. Visais atvejais liga labiau pasireiðkë intensyvios þemdirbystës sàlygomis. Tai dalinai sietina su Ca ir B bei K ir B netinkamu santykiu dirvoþemyje. Runkeliø juodðaknë ir netikroji miltligë (

Phoma betae Frank, Pythium debaryanum Hesse. Rhizoctonia oderholdii (Ruhl) Kolosch. Fusarium sp. ir Peronospora shachtii Fuck.) augalus paþeidë tik esant ðioms ligoms plisti palankioms meteorologinëms sàlygoms.

Þemdirbystës intensyvumo átakà ligø plitimui taip pat nulëmë ir dirvoþemio agrocheminës savybës.

Reikðminiai þodþiai: dirvoþemis, augalai, derlius, ligos, biologinë þemdirbystë, intensyvi þemdirbystë.

ISSN 1392-3196

Agriculture. Scientific articles, 2001, 74, 276-290

UDK 633:632.4

INCIDENCE OF DISEASES IN THE PLANTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF INTENSIVE AND BIOLOGICAL CROPPING SYSTEMS IN WESTERN LITHUANIA

E.V. Mineikienë, S.Guþys

Summary

The investigations were carried out during the 1995-1998 period on limed soils: soddy medium podzolic (Jv2), gleyc sod-podzolic (JPv1) and non acid podzolized sod-gleyc (VG1j

) in the conditions of Western Lithuania in the Vëþaièiai Branch of the LIA. Plants (winter wheat, spring barley, fodder beet) were cultivated on two backgrounds: 1 – no mineral fertilizers and pesticides (biological cropping system), 2 – NPK mineral fertilizers and pesticides (intensive cropping system). The rate of manure on both backgrounds was 60 t/ha.

The application of intensive cropping system anabled to get 44-62 % higher winter wheat, 94-106 % barley grain and 70-220 % higher fodder beet root yield. Winter wheat during the vegetative growth period was affected by septoria, powdery mildew, eyespot and brown rust. The spread of septoria and powdery mildew essentially decreased the yield of winter wheat grain. The incidence of septoria on winter wheat strems was similar on both backgrounds in soil JPv1, while in soil Jv2 the greatest percent of septoria-injured plants was on the biological background. Eyespot in all cases injured more plants in the conditions of biological cropping system. The spread of brown rust and powdery mildew was more dependent on meteorological conditions rather than on cropping system. Spring barley during the vegetative growth period was affected by net blocth, powdery mildew, small rust and scald. The spread of net blocth, powdery mildew, scald and small rust essentially decreased the yield of barley grain. Net blocth barley more injured in the conditions of biological cropping system. The spread of powdery mildew and scald in barley was more dependent on the meteorological conditions as compared with cropping systems. Fodder beets were more affected by dry rot of middle leaves. Diseases affected more plants in the conditions of intensive cropping system. The spread of black-leg and powdery mildew was more dependent on meteorological conditions rather than on the cropping systems. The investigated diseases did not decrease the yield of fodder beet roots.

Key words: soil, plants, yield, diseases, biological cropping system, intensive cropping system.

 



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